Assessment of personality

Assessment of personality
The accuracy of any process of measurement depends on the following things:
·        Nature of the thing
·        Nature of the instrument
·        Nature of the person
Techniques and Methods of Assessment of Personality
Subjective, Objective and Projective
1.      Observational technique
2.      Situational test
3.      Interview
4.      Questionnaire
5.      Rating scale
6.      Case study
7.      Sociometry
8.      Personality inventory
9.      Projective technique
o   Rorschach inkblot Test
o   Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
o   Children’s Apperception Test (CAT)
o   Word Association Test (WAT)
o   Sentence Completion Test (SCT)
I. Objective Methods
Situational Test
·        Here situations are artificially created in which an individual is expected to perform acts related to the personality traits under testing.
Questionnaire
·        It refers to a device for securing answers to questions by using a form which respondent fills in himself.
·        It contain a list of pre-planned questions
·        Closed or structured form (fixed response)
·        Open-end or unstructured form (Free response)


·        Ex: Do you enjoy being alone?  ‘Yes’ or ‘No’,
·        Do you enjoy seeing others succeed?
·        Questionnaire is a general device- not connected specifically with personality traits or behaviour of the individual
·        But inventory is specifically designed to seek answers about a person and his personality
·        Set of questions for self-appraisal or self- reporting
·        It contains statements or questions about Personal characteristics, feelings, fear, worries etc.
·        Ex: I often feel lonely     ‘yes’/ ‘no’ /‘cannot say’
Rating scale
·        A rating scale consists of a set of traits such as generosity, co-cooperativeness, punctuality, honesty etc.
·        The range of description that are to represent level or degree of presence of trait.
·        Usually the degrees are indicated by numbers, 3, 5, 7 point scales.
Check list
·        It is a selected sit of words, phrases or sentences following which an observer records a check to denote the presence or absence of whatever being observed.
Sociometry
·        Developed by Mereno and Jennings -1953
·        It is a technique of assessing the social relationships among members in a group.
·        Through the measurement of the frequency of acceptance or non-acceptance between individuals who constitute the group.
·        Sociogram  is a type of chart. It sketches the pattern of rejection and attraction in the class.
·        It can identify the stars, cliques, mutual and isolates in the class.
§  Stars: who chosen by many.
§  Cliques: who are chosen exclusively by themselves
§  Mutual: two individuals chosen exclusively by themselves
§  Isolates: who are chosen by nobody.
II. Subjective Methods
Observation
·        Inspection of the overt behaviour of a person in appropriate situations
·        It is a popular method to study the behaviour pattern of an individual in an actual life situation.
·        The observer decides what personality traits or characteristics he needs to know, and he then observes the relevant activities of the subject in real life situations.
·        To ensure the reliability of observed result, the observer may repeat the observations in the same situation several times.
·        It concerns with perception of an individual’s behaviour by the other individuals and the interpretation and analysis of this perceived behaviour by them.
Types of observation
·        Participant observation: observer become the part of the group which he wants to observe.
·        Non- Participant observation: without actual participation
·        Controlled observation: observation made under the controlled conditions.
·        Uncontrolled observation: observation is done in natural settings as they occur spontaneously.

Interview Method
·        It is a data collection method between two or more persons where questions are asked by a person (Interviewer) to obtain information from another person (interviewee).
Types of Interview
·      
  Structured interview: It follows pre-determined plan of interview.
·       
Unstructured interview: Interviewer is free to develop the conversation along the line that seems most suitable to him.
·        Other types
o   Survey interview
o   Diagnostic interview
o   Therapeutic interview
o   Counseling interview
Case study Method
·        It is used for studying the behaviour problems of maladjusted or deviant individual.
·        Also known as Clinical study, Case history
·        In-depth study of the case in all its details.
·        It aims at studying everything about something rather than something about everything.
·        It is the detailed, realistic, concrete description and explanation of the case.
·        It involves use of observation, interview, medical examination, various psychological tests.

Steps of Case study
·        Identification of the problem
·        Formulating hypotheses
·        Collection of data
·        Analysis
·        Verifying Hypotheses
·        Provide remedial measures

Anecdotal Records
·        It contains reports of informal teacher observation regarding his pupils.
·        It contains a description of the student’s conduct and personality in terms of frequent, brief, concrete observations of the student made and recorded by the teacher.

Cumulative record
·        It is a confidential and systematic accumulation of significant factual information about an individual student while at school.

·        It is progressively developed and maintained over a sufficient period of time and give a summarized growth record indicating the direction and rate of development.
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