BASIC CONCEPTS ABOUT DEVELOPMENT

EDU 02 – DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEARNER (New Batch)

UNIT I: BASIC CONCEPTS ABOUT DEVELOPMENT

Concepts of Growth and Development

Psychologist believes that education starts from mother’s womb. We know mother is a first teacher of the child. Knowing of growth and development of the child makes one to bring the best in the child’s life.

·        Growth refers to dimensional augmentation, or quantitative changes in size and weight.

·        Development involves a series of progressive, orderly and meaningful changes leading to the global maturity.

·        Crow and Crow: “growth refers to structural and physiological changes while development refers to growth as well as changes in behaviour.

·        Hurlock (1959): “Development means a progressive series of changes that occur in an orderly predictable pattern as a result of maturation and experience”.

Difference between Growth and Development

Growth

•         Changes in the body

•         Quantitative

•         Measurable

•         Physical aspect

•         Simple

•         Structural

•         Physiological

•         End with attainment of maturity

•         May or may not bring development

Development

•         Overall changes

•         Qualitative & Quantitative

•         Observable but difficult to measure

•         All aspects

•         Complex

•         Functional

•         Psychological

•         Continues process

•         It is possible without growth

Factors affecting development

Development as a result of interaction between individual potential (innate, acquired) and external environment (Physical, socio-cultural, ecological, economic and technological).

Internal Factors

·        Hereditary factors

·        Biological or constitutional factors

·        Intelligence

·        Emotional factors

·        Social nature

External factors

·        Environment in the womb of the mother

·        Environment available after birth

Principles of Development

·        Principle of continuity –womb to tomb

·        Principle of lack of uniformity in the developmental rate

·        Principle of individual difference

·        Principles of uniformity of pattern.

·        Principle of proceeding from general to specific responses

·        Principle of integration

·        Principle of interrelation

·        Principle of interaction

·        Principle of cephalocoudal and proximodistal tendencies (head to foot, central to periphery)

·        Principle of predictability

·        Principle of spiral development

Aspects of Development

·        Physical & Motor development

·        Cognitive Development

·        Emotional Development

·        Social Development

·        Moral development

·        Language Development

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Sl.No	Stages in the life span	Age
1	Prenatal Period	From Conception to Birth
2	Infancy	B to 2 yrs
3	Childhood Early Childhood Later Childhood	3 to 12 3 to 6 7 to 12 or up to the onset of puberty
4	Adolescence	13 to 19 or from onset of puberty till the attainment of maturity
5	Adulthood	20 to 60
6	Old age	60 above or from the end of reproduction capacity

l. Prenatal Period (270 to 280 days or 10 months)

·        Favourable environmental conditions in the mother’s body can foster the development of heredity potential

·        Fixation of sex

·        Greater growth and development

·        Affect the environmental factors

First month

·        Fertilization occurs

·        Zygote implants itself in the lining of the uterus

·        Rapid cell divisions occurs

·        Embryonic stage lasts from 2 weeks to 8 weeks

·        Cells differentiate in to three distinct layers such as the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm

·        Nervous system being develop

·        Embryo is half inch long.

Second month

·        Heart and blood vessels form

·        Head area develops rapidly

·        Eye being to form in detail

·        Internal organs grow, especially the digestive system.

·        Sex organs develop rapidly and sex is distinguished

·        Arms and legs form and grow

·        Heart beings to beat faintly

·        Embryo is 1 inch long and weight 1/10 ounce

Third Month

·        Head growth occurs rapidly

·        Bone formation beings to form rapidly

·        The digestive organs beings to function

·        Arms, legs, and fingers make spontaneous movements

·        Fetus is 3 inches long and weight 1 ounce

Forth month

·        Lower parts of the body show rapid growth

·        Bones are distinct in X-rays

·        Reflex movement becomes more active

·        Heart beat detected by physician

·        Sex organs are fully formed

·        Fetus is 7 inches long and weight 5 ounce

Fifth month

·        Mother being to feel reflex movements

·        Ears and nose being develop

·        Fingernails and toenails being appear

·        Fetus shows hiccups, thump sucking, and kicking

·        Fetus is 12 inches long and weighs 14 ounces

Sixth month

·        Eyes and eyelids fully formed

·        Fat develops under the skin

·        Fetus is 14 inches long and weighs 2 pounds

Seventh Month

·        Cerebral cortex of brain develops rapidly

·        Fetus is 17 inches long and weighs 3 pounds.

Eight months

·        Subcutaneous fat is deposited for later use

·        Fingernails reach beyond the fingertips

·        Fetus is 17 inches long and weighs 5 pounds

Ninth Month

·        Hair covering the entire body is shed

·        Organ systems function actively

·        Vernix is present over the entire body

·        Fetus settles in to position for birth

·        The neonate is 21 inches long and weighs 7 pounds

II. Infancy (Birth to 2 years)

·        Stage of rapid development

·        Red skin, large head, they sleep for about 18 to 22 hours a day

·        By six months of age, infants can discriminate between faces of parents

·        By the age of nine month, a baby can creep

·        One year- can associate sounds and say dada, mama or bye bye.

III. Early childhood (3 to 6 years)

·        Toy age

·        Troublesome age

·        Pre-gang age

·        Creative age

·        Imitative age

·        Physical development is slow rate

·        The arms and legs lengthen and the hands and feet grow bigger

·        The baby teeth begin to be replaced by permanent teeth

·        Develops a verity motor skills

·        Learning to get along with the age-mates

·        Learning appropriate sex role

·        Developing appropriate skills in reading, writing and calculating

·        Developing concepts

·        Developing morality, attitude towards social institutions etc.

IV. Later childhood ( 6 to 13)

·        Individual changes from an asexual to a sexual being

·        Overlapping period

·        Short period

·        Time of rapid changes

·        Negative phase

·        Gang age

·        Elementary school age

·        Very short span of attention

V. Adolescence (13- 19)

·        Individual becomes sexually mature and ending when he reaches sexual maturity

·        Transitional period

·        Period of change

·        Dreaded age – inclined towards antisocial

·        Time of unrealism – high aspirations

·        Threshold of adulthood

·        Accepting sex roles

·        Relationship with both sexes

·        Emotional independence from parents

·        Preparing for an occupation

·        Civic competency

·        Building values

·        Fast growth especially in girls

·        Trunk broaden

·        Mature sex organs

·        Larges stomach

·        Heart grows rapidly

·        Temporary imbalance of whole endocrine system

·        Skeleton stops growing

·        Growth of muscles

·        Widening of shoulders

·        Growth of pubic hair

·        Stress and strain

·        Resulting from physical changes

·        Intense, uncontrolled and irrational

·        Refusing to speak or loudly criticizing

·        Romance

·        Worry about future

·        Increased peer group influence

·        Heterosexual relationships

·        Social competency

·        Boys with more larger loosely knit groups

·        Girls with smaller and sharply defined groups

·        New values in selecting friends

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