Humanistic
Approach
·
Humanist school of psychology
·
Third force in psychology (behaviorism and psychoanalysis –are other
two)
·
This
is described as an ideographic approach. The focus is on each individual, not
whole population.
·
It reflects humanistic trend in dealing
with understanding human behaviour
·
It believes in the goodness of man and in
his positive nature.
·
Man has free will and freedom of choice
·
Conscious experiences of a person are
most important in determining personality.
(What he or she feels and thinks)
·
Every one of us has the potential for
self-actualization through spontaneity, creativity and personal growth.
·
Each individual has the ability to cope
with stress, to control life and to achieve what he desire.
·
People
strive to realise their full potential in life – called self-actualisation.
Self-actualization theory - Abraham
Maslow
·
American
Psychologist
·
Founder of
humanistic psychology.
·
Humanistic
approach for studying human behaviour and personality.
·
Human beings
are basically good
·
The
personality of human being depends upon his style of striving towards the
ultimate goal of self-actualization
·
Thus pattern
of human behaviour is always governed by the satisfaction of our needs from the
lower, base level, to the upper, top level
Hierarchy
of needs
Ø Physiological
Needs: oxygen, water, protein, salt, sugar, sex and sleep
etc.
Ø Safety
Needs: security, stability, protection from physical and
emotional harm
Ø Belongingness
& Love Needs: affection, belonging, acceptance,
friendship, community
Ø Esteem
Needs: (Internal ones are need
for self-respect, confidence, autonomy, and achievement. External ones are need
for respect of others, status, fame, glory, recognition and attention.)
Ø Self-actualization:
(doing that which maximizes one’s potential and fulfills one’s innate aspirations)
16 Distinguishing Characteristics of
Self-Actualizing People
1.
They
are realistically oriented.
2.
They accept
themselves, other people, and the natural world for what they are.
3.
They have a
great deal of spontaneity.
4.
They are
problem-centered rather than self-centered.
5.
They have
an air of detachment and a need for privacy.
6.
They are
autonomous and independent.
7.
Their
appreciation of people and things is fresh rather than stereotyped.
8.
Most of
them have had profound mystical or spiritual experiences, although not
necessarily religious in character.
9.
They
identify with mankind.
10.
Their
intimate relationships with a few specially loved people tend to be profound
and deeply emotional rather than superficial.
11.
Their
values and attitudes are democratic.
12.
They
do not confuse means with ends.
13.
Their
sense of humor is philosophical rather than hostile.
14.
They have a
great fund of creativeness.
15.
They resist
conformity to the culture.
16.
They transcend
the environment rather than just coping with it.
Carl Roger’s self-theory
·
American psychologist
·
Theory of personality: Self-theory
–(1947)
·
He stressed the importance of an individual’s self for determining the
process of his growth, development and appropriate adjustment to his
environment.
·
Self-theory holds that Personality is a the interaction between two systems of ones
phenomenological field.
o
Organism:
-
It represents the totality of one’s experience both conscious and unconscious. (center of all experience)
o
The
self: -it refers to totality of ideas, feelings and
attitudes the individual has about himself (self-concept).
(I,
Me and Myself). It developed through the process of interpersonal and
social experience.
·
A world of an individual’s subjective
experience is called ‘phenomenal field’.
·
The acquisition of the concept of our
self is a long and continues process.
·
Human beings have inherited the tendency
to develop their self in the process of interpersonal and social experience.
Real self and Ideal self
o
Two faces of self
o
Real self is the self as
it really is a result of one’s experience
o
Ideal self
is the self one would be like to be.
·
Once a concept of self is formed the individual strives to maintain it by regulating
his behaviour
·
Sometimes individual develops some false
self-image.
·
Inconsistency between one’s actual image
and a false self-image may lead to abnormality in one’s behaviour.
·
Remarkable difference between real self and ideal self is the sign of serious personality disorder.
·
The organism continually strives to
develop and expand the self
·
The basic force motivating the organism
is self-actualization.
·
The central agency regulating a person’s
behaviour is the self.
·
The normal personality development
depends on the congruence (resemblance)
among different components of personality –(organism,
real-self, ideal-self, and the external reality).
·
The larger gap between an individual’s
self concept and reality, the poorer his psychological adjustment, and as such
he develops a deviant personality.
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